For purposes here, all four terms shall be considered synonymous: waviness, elastic buckling, stress wrinkling and oil canning. The degree of waviness can be difficult to measure, but may be visually apparent, especially under specific lighting conditions.
Generally, the period and amplitude of the wave will become more pronounced as the panel width increases (flat portion of the panel) and the panel thickness decreases. Reflected light may make the oil canning more prominent at certain times of day.
Conditions such as the time of year, the viewing angle and the angle at which sunlight strikes the panel may also have an impact on the ability to discern oil canning. The eye perceives the reflection of light. When the reflective surface is irregular, the reflected light is also irregular, making oil canning more perceptible. If oil canning is present, it is usually apparent at the time of construction.
However, oil canning may become more (or less) apparent over an extended period of time for a variety of reasons. Oil canning can be an unintentional byproduct of the fabrication process and mill producers’ tolerances. Panels with oil canning differ from
panels intentionally formed with a corrugated, ribbed or fluted design and narrower flat sections intended to provide greater bending strength.
Oil canning is caused by differential stresses within the metal itself. As the metal tries to relieve these stresses in panels with high width-to-thickness ratios, the material buckles out of plane, producing the characteristic waviness of oil canning. The stresses may be introduced at a number of stages in panel manufacturing.
All fabricated metal roof and wall products begin in a “coil” form. Coil is produced in a rolling process under pressure to create very thin strips which are then “coiled” for ease in handling. Stresses induced during coil production may contribute to oil canning.
Examples of these types of stresses are:
■ Full Center – Coil is longer in the middle of the strip which creates ripples or buckles near the mid-coil area
■ Wavy Edge – Coil is longer along the edge of the strip
■ Camber – Coil deviation of a side edge from a straight line
These conditions exist to some extent in all light gauge flat rolled metal coil and tend to become more exaggerated as the material tensile strength increases. Thinner material and dimensionally wider coil are also more prone to oil canning than thicker, narrower
coil.
Slitting– Generally several narrower coils are cut by slitting from a single (wider) master coil. The economies of producing wider coils makes this secondary process a common practice. Slitting of a master coil can release and redistribute residual forces. This
redistribution of stresses can increase the occurrence of oil canning within the final product.
Forming – Stresses are introduced during forming of either roof or wall panels. Architectural panel profiles typically require more forming along the edges than in the middle of the sheet. This often necessitates more forming and bending along one side than the other and the stresses produced are not symmetrical within the sheet. Formed panel profiles require “working” (bending) of the sheet. Bending occurs along the edges and there is a tendency to “trap” uneven stresses within the center portion of the finished profile, producing oil canning. In contrast to flat, architectural profiles, corrugated ribbed profiles are most often roll formed from the center and moving outward, thereby “pushing” the differential stresses to the edges of the sheet.
Forming sheet metal inherently introduces stresses to the material. Equipment tooling, setup and operation can minimize these stresses. Proper feed rates, tooling maintenance, proper tooling design and proper adjustment of the equipment will minimize the differential stresses that cause oil canning
Misalignment of the Support System – If the structural supports or perimeter framing system of a roof or wall panel system are not flat, “non-planar” or contoured, additional stresses can be induced into the sheet as the panels are forced to conform to this uneven surface. This can be the case even when the support structure is produced, fabricated and installed within allowable industry tolerances.
Movement of the Primary Structure – If the primary structure moves due to differential deflection, racking, drift, settlement or other causes, oil canning can occur as the panels are forced to conform to this movement. This oil canning is sometimes temporary
as the support system continues to move but could be permanent depending on the root cause of the movement.
Camber – Commercial support structural elements such as roof rafters and trusses are often designed with an intentional bow or camber, anticipating deflection under load. If the rafter, truss or joist is fabricated with camber (crowning at mid-span), it produces a contoured substrate that can induce oil canning of the finished surface at installation or after a load is imposed.
Over-Engagement of Panels (Roof Panels) – Roof panels are designed to a specific coverage dimension and accommodate transverse thermal expansion by flexing the rib and seam areas of side joints. When panels are not installed true to the intended coverage dimensions, these stress relief features can be minimized or eliminated altogether. In the extreme case, the over engagement process itself can generate oil canning within the flat areas of the panel.
Improper Installation (Wall Panels) – Wall panels are generally designed to a specific coverage dimension and to accommodate thermal expansion. Panels often do this by expanding or contracting at the joints located between the panels. Panels can be designed with slotted connections or extrusions that slide across each other to accommodate this movement. When panel joints are not designed or located properly, stress relief cannot take place and oil canning can result.
Often wide, concealed fastened, flat-faced panels are desired for use in wall applications. These panels are often direct-attached to the structure (in contrast with clip-attached). This installation method does not allow for panel thermal movement. In such cases, designers should minimize the panel length or look to other means of thermal relief to minimize the effects of oil canning. Contractors should ensure the panels do not flex or bow outward during the installation process because this also exaggerates the visual appearance of panel bow. Finally, panels should normally be fastened in a sequential manner (i.e., top to bottom, middle outward or left to right) to push potential panel bow in one direction so the panel is not locked in place with a built-in bow.
Over Driving of Fasteners – This installation error can create stresses in the panel and cause visible oil canning along fastener lines. Use of an impact driver is not recommended. Reference the MCA Technical Bulletin on Proper Tools for Fastening Metal Panels.
Thermal Expansion – Due to the profile of panels, longitudinal expansion is generally the primary concern. Any expansion across the width of the panel is generally taken up at the raised portion of each profile. The surface temperature of exposed panels cycles throughout the year and even fluctuates daily. The range and cycle depend on many variables (e.g., project location and building orientation, cloud cover, surface finish or color, solar absorption characteristics, etc.).
As the panel surface temperature fluctuates, panels expand or contract. Surface temperature may be more than 100 degrees higher than ambient air temperature. Fasteners, clips and perimeter connections should be designed and installed to accommodate the anticipated thermal movement of the panel. If panel expansion or contraction is inhibited by perimeter flashing conditions or inadvertent “dual pinning” at other details, the result can be seen as oil canning. Waviness caused by thermal forces differs from the other forms of oil canning because waves can appear and disappear daily as the panel temperature varies due to solar absorption or radiation. Often, over a period of time, if clips and perimeter connections allow movement, the panels will find a thermodynamic equilibrium and the oil canning may be diminished.
Improper Storage and Handling – For certain types of metal panels, storing or carrying panels in a flat orientation, twisting or buckling panels can induce a wavy appearance to a previously flat panel. Twisting can occur if one corner of a panel is used to lift a
panel or to remove the panel from a bundle or pallet. Manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed.
Certain designers regard oil canning as inherent to the material and treat it as a desired effect accentuating the material’s natural characteristic, while others do not. Coil producers and panel manufacturers generally attempt to minimize unintentional non-flat conditions. Research continues on improved production and fabrication methods. While a number of factors are involved in panel design, there are steps that the project designer, panel manufacturer, panel fabricator and installer can take to reduce the probability, severity and visual impact of oil canning.
Coil – Tension (“stretch” or in line) precision leveling is a process that stretches the metal beyond the yield point while the metal is in coil form. Once stretched to this point, the metal will not creep back to its previous, non-level state. This provides a flatter surface less prone to oil canning and may correct inconsistencies of coil production and secondary coil operations. For this reason, tension leveling should be done after secondary operations such as slitting. The effect of oil canning can be reduced by ordering tension leveled material.
Gauge – In general, the thicker the metal (the smaller the gauge number) the less likely a panel is to oil can.
Panel Design – In general, the use of attachment systems that allow panels to move without inducing thermal stresses is another means of controlling oil canning. The addition of stiffening ribs in the panel profile “break-up” the flat surface and may make oil canning less apparent but may also add minor shadow lines.
Panel Finish – The eye perceives reflection of light, which is why oil canning on a lower gloss surface is less perceptible than a high gloss surface. Low gloss finish systems or embossed surfaces, which are less reflective, may reduce the visual perception of oil canning seen in the metal.
There is less difference in the appearance of reflected light from a lighter color panel with oil canning than from a darker color panel, which makes oil canning more noticeable on darker colored panels.
Installation Issues – Stringent specifications regarding the alignment of the supporting structure or the deck would focus attention on this critical aspect. Normal trade practices and tolerances concerning the substrate may not be adequate to minimize oil canning of the finished surface. Manufacturer recommendations regarding proper handling, spacing and fastening of panels should be part of the manufacturer’s installation recommendations.
Forming Equipment – Deal with reputable, experienced suppliers who utilize appropriate, well-tuned forming equipment.
Uses of Backer Rod or Other Similar Shimming Materials – Some designers specify the use of “backer rod” or other similar types of shimming materials (see photo, right) on the panel underside when installation is over a solid substrate. Backer rod is a compressible foam strip normally used in the concrete and masonry trades in joints to serve as a backing for a caulk joint. For certain types of metal panel systems, it causes the center of the panel to “pillow” uniformly, relieving stress and reducing the visual effects of oil canning.
Many uncontrollable factors contribute to oil canning and no panel manufacturer, fabricator or installer can assure the total prevention of oil canning on any given project. With careful attention to the production, material selection, panel design and installation practice, the tendency for oil canning can be minimized.
If oil canning is caused by external factors, such as detailed in “Support Systems” and “Substrate Suitability,” even replacing panels may be ineffective if the root cause is not addressed.
Oil canning is generally an aesthetic issue. Structural integrity is typically not affected. In the absence of specific contract requirements, oil canning should not be the sole grounds for panel rejection.
Reprint permission from Metal Construction Association (MCA). MCA promotes the benefits of metal in construction through technical guidance, product certification, education and awareness programs, advocating for the interest of the industry, monitoring of industry issues such as codes and standards and research to develop improved metal construction products. For more information, please visit the MCA website at www.metalconstruction.org.
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